Copyright © 2004, 2005 Canonical Ltd. e membri del Progetto di Documentazione di Ubuntu
Copyright © 2005 (Matteo Riondato) - Milo Casagrande <milo_casagrande@yahoo.it> 2005 Matteo Riondato (matteo@FreeBSD.org)
Estratto
Questo documento è una raccolta delle domande che sono solitamente poste dai nuovi utenti di Ubuntu e delle risposte a tali domande.
Sommario
Diario delle Revisioni | ||
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Revisione 0.6.2 | 21 Agosto 2005 | RS |
Tutto controllato su una nuova installazione di Ubuntu Breezy colony 3. I profili di Ubuntu pronti per la revisione, sezioni e capitoli segnati. | ||
Revisione 0.6.1 | 10 Agosto 2005 | MTG |
Divisa questa FAQ Guide in più file, in modo che sia più facile da modificare. Inoltre, ordinata correttamente la cronologia delle revisioni. | ||
Revisione 0.6 | 17 Luglio 2005 | RS |
Rimosso apt-get e rimpiazzato con Synaptic. Aggiunte sezioni su Synaptic /Apt-get e Specificare comandi. Importanti modifiche strutturali. Ulteriore lavoro sui profili Gnome e KDE. | ||
Revisione 0.5 | 04 Giugno 2005 | |
Impostato il documento per supportare Gnome e Kde. Aggiunta prefazione con sezione di modifica testo e rimpiazzate tutte le ripetizioni di gedit con vim. Aggiunti riconoscimenti come autore ad Abdullah Ramazanoglu per la versione Kubuntu della guida. | ||
Revisione 0.4 | 31 Maggio 2005 | |
Sincronizza con la Guida non Ufficiale di Ubuntu 3.04 | ||
Revisione 0.3 | 29 Maggio 2005 | |
Sincronizza con la Guida non Ufficiale di Ubuntu 3.0 | ||
Revisione 0.2 | 25 Maggio 2005 | SW |
Importata dalla Guida non Ufficiale di Ubuntu 2.09 |
I seguenti avvertimenti si trovano nel libro:
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Una nota presenta informazioni interessanti, a volte tecniche, riguardo l'argomento in discussione. |
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Un suggerimento offre un consiglio o un modo più facile per fare qualcosa. |
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Un'attenzione avvisa l'utente di potenziali problemi e lo aiuta ad evitarli. |
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Un avviso informa il lettore di una condizione di rischio che può sorgere in una data situazione |
Le convezioni tipografiche per i riferimenti appariranno come segue:
Internal references will look like this: Riconoscimenti e Licenza.The numeral contained within square braces is the [page number].
I riferimenti esterni, come quelli che puntano a un sito Web, appariranno come questo.
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Le versioni PDF, HTML e XHTML di questo documento useranno i collegamenti per gesitre i riferimenti. |
Le convenzioni sul tipo di file appariranno come segue:
I nomi dei file o i percorsi delle directory saranno scritti in carattere monospace
.
I pacchetti che devono essere installati appariranno come:
Categoriga > NomePacchetto
I comandi da eseguire all'interno del
comando da digitare
Per avviare una sessione di Terminal, seleziona: -> ->
Le opzioni su cui clicchi, che selezioni o scegli da un interfaccia utente, appariranno in carattere monospace
.
Quando le variabili, i parametri, i tag SGML, ecc. sono contenuti in un paragrafo di testo, appariranno in carattere monospace
. In caso contrario, verrà usato il carattere normale.
Selezione dei menu, azioni col mouse, scorciatoie da tstiera:
Una sequenza di selezioni di menu sarà rappresentata così:
->Mouse actions shall assume a right-handed mouse configuration. The terms “” and “” refer to using the left mouse button. The term “” refers to using the right mouse button. The term “” refers to using the middle mouse button, pressing down on the scroll wheel, or pressing both the left and right buttons simultaneously, based on the design of your mouse.
Le combinazioni di tasti per le scorciatoie appariranno come segue: Ctrl-N. Per i tasti “Control”, “Shift,” e “Alternate”, verranno usati Ctrl, Shift, and Alt rispettivamente, e significheranno che il primo tasto deve essere tenuto premuto mentre si preme il secondo.
Convenzione per il codice:
Il codice e gli esempi di formattazione saranno dentro ad un riquadro grigio.
Alcune volte, le righe degli esempi di codice o di formattazione saranno più lunghe della larghezza della pagina. Per evitare che escano dalla pagina stessa, viene usato il carattere slash "\" per identificare l'a capo. Questo significa che la righa di codice è pensata per essere una unica riga, ma per motivi di stampa, è stata divisa in due o più righe.
L'editor di testo a cui si fa riferimento in questo documento è Gedit, che viene installato automaticamente in Ubuntu. Gedit può essere avviato facendo clic su -> -> . Certe volte in questa guida Gedit viene avviato dalla riga di comando usando Sudo, dato che molti file di configurazione richiedono i privilegi di root per essere modificati. Si raccomanda di avviare Gedit dalla riga di comando quando viene fatto in questa guida.
Questo libro è sviluppato dall'Team di Documentazione di Ubuntu. Il codice sorgente di questo libro è stato scritto utilizzando Docbook XML ed è conservato in un archivio di controllo revisione del codice Subversion. Tutti possono scaricarne una copia e possono fornire aggiornamenti sottoforma di patch. Un altro modo per contribuire può essere tramite suggerimenti o commenti nella mailing list dell'Ubuntu Documentation Team. Informazioni riguardo il team, la mailing list, i progetti, ed altro, possono essere trovate all'interno dell'Sito Web del Team di Documentazione di Ubuntu .
Come lettore di questa pubblicazioni, sei il nostro critico più imortante. Il tuo parare è il benvenuto e di chiediamo di farci sapere cosa stiamo facendo bene e cosa stiamo facendo male.
Abbiamo tentato di scrivere questa pubblicazione con la massima attenzione al dettaglio. Comunque, questo non significa che è priva di errori. Per questo motivo, vorremmo chiedere il tuo aiuto per migliorare la qualità di questa pubblicazione e ti chiediamo di segnalare tutti i problemi che potrai trovare, di qualsiasi natura siano. Per segnalare un problema o dare un consiglio, per favore invia una segnalazione di bug su Ubuntu Bugzilla, nella categoria 'Documentation'.
Molte grazie,
-Vostro, il Team di Documentazione di Ubuntu
1.1. | Cos'è Ubuntu? |
Ubuntu è un sistema operativo completo basato su Linux, disponibile gratuitamente con supporto sia della comunità che professionale. Per saperne di più, visita http://www.ubuntu.com | |
1.2. | Dove posso vedere degli screenshot di Ubuntu? |
OSDir.com ha almeno 60 screenshot. Puoi trovarli qui: Ubuntu GNOME Screenshots. | |
1.3. | Dove trovo una lista di tutti i programmi e le librerie incluse in Ubuntu? |
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1.4. | Dove posso scaricare Ubuntu? |
La pagina principale da cui effettuare il download è http://www.ubuntu.com/download. | |
1.5. | Come faccio a masterizzare un file ISO in un CD-R? |
In Windows con Nero Burning ROM:
In Ubuntu con Nautilus:
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1.6. | Dove posso ottenere i CD di Ubuntu GRATIS? |
Puoi ordinare gratis i CD di Ubuntu sul sito web shipit: http://shipit.ubuntu.com. Anche la spedizione è gratis! | |
1.7. | Dove posso ottenere maggiore aiuto su Ubuntu? |
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Sommario
Questo capitolo contiene le informazioni riguardo l'installazione di applicazioni e strumenti comuni. Maggiori informazioni riguardo il loro utilizzo si trovano nelle sezioni di help e nelle man page di ogni applicazione.
1. | Come installo i codec multimediali? |
A causa di restrizioni imposte da brevetti e copyright, i pacchetti w32codecs e libdivx4linux non sono inclusi in Ubuntu. Per maggiori informazioni a riguardo, leggi https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats | |
2. | Come installo un lettore DVD? |
Al momento non c'è una via legale per guardare i DVD su Linux usando pacchetti liberi. Per abilitare la visione dei DVD, leggi DVD-video su https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats | |
3. | Come installo RealPlayer 10? |
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4. | Come installo un browser di directory di streaming (streamtuner)? |
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5. | come posso installare un editor di tag ID3 (Cowbell)? |
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6. | Come installo un editor video (Kino)? |
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7. | Come installo un editor audio (Audacity)? |
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8. | Come posso installare un estrattore di DVD (dvd::rip)? |
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1. | Come installo il J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) 5 (1.5) con il plugin per Firefox? | |||
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1. | Come posso installare caratteri extra? |
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2. | Come posso installare il Chinese Input Method (SCIM)? |
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1. | Come installo una applicazione per la gestione progetti (Planner)? |
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2. | Come installo un'applicazione di contabilità (GnuCash)? |
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3. | Come installo una applicazione desktop per le pubblicazioni (Scribus)? |
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4. | come posso installare un editor di diagrammi (Dia)? |
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1. | Come posso installare Froze-Bubble? | |||
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2. | Come installo PlanetPenguin Racer? | |||
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3. | Come installo Schorched3D? | |||
Scorched3D è un rifacimento 3D di Worms/Scorched Earth.
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4. | Come posso installare Quake 3? | |||
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5. | Come installo giochi per Windows con Cedega? | |||
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1. | Come posso installare il plugin Flash Player (Macromedia Flash) per Mozilla Firefox? |
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2. | come posso installare un visualizzatore di PDF (Adobe Acrobat) con un plugin per Mozilla Firefox? |
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3. | come posso installare il client P@P aMule? |
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4. | Come posso installare il client P2P Gnutella (LimeWire)? |
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5. | Come posso installare un download manager (Downloader for X)? |
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6. | Come installo un client FTP (gFTP)? |
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7. | Come posso installare il client email Mozilla Thunderbird? |
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8. | Come posso installare un newsreader (Pan)? |
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9. | Come posso installare un RSS/RDF/Atom newsreader (Liferea)? |
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10. | Come installo un sistema di gestione web WYSIWYG (Nvu)? |
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11. | Come posso installare un client ADSL/PPPoE (RP-PPPoE)? |
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1. | Come posso installare un firewall? |
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2. | Come installo un monitor grafico per la rete (EtherApe)? |
Etherape mostra l'attività di rete tra diversi host usando cerchi di diametro variabile.
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3. | Come posso installare un analizzatore del traffico di rete (Ethereal)? |
Ethereal è un analizzatore del traffico di rete/sniffer che cattura i pacchetti dalla rete in tempo reale e ne fornisce i contenuti.
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1. | Come posso installare un editor delle partizioni (GParted)? |
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2. | come posso installare un gestore di archivi RAR (rar)? |
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3. | Come posso installare le applet per il desktop (gDesklets)? |
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4. | Come posso installare un software per masterizzare CD/DVD (GnomeBaker)? |
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5. | Come installo i compilatori di base (build-essential)? |
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1. | come posso installare Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin) su Ubuntu? |
2. | come posso installare CrossOver Office? |
4.1. | Come installo i driver 3D per le schede grafiche Nvidia |
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4.2. | Come disabilito il logo di Nvidia graphics all'avvio? |
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4.3. | Come posso installare i driver per il 3D di ATI? |
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4.4. | Come identifico il chipset di un modem? |
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4.5. | Come posso installaer i driver Winmodem/Linmodem? |
4.6. | Come posso configurare i dispositivi PalmOS? |
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4.7. | Come posso controllare lo sapzio utilizzato sul disco e la tabella delle partizioni? |
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4.8. | Come posso visualizzare una lista dei dispositivi montati? |
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4.9. | Come posso visualizzare una lista delle periferiche PCI ? |
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4.10. | Come posso visualizzare una lista delle periferiche USB? |
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4.11. | Come velocizzo ll'accesso al CD/DVD-ROM (abilitare il DMA)? |
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4.12. | Come monto/smondo manualmente CD/DVD-ROM e mostro tutti i file e le directory visibili e nascosti? |
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4.13. | Come forzo manualmente lo smontaggio di CD/DVD-ROM? |
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4.14. | Come rimonto /etc/fstab senza riavviare? |
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5.1. | Come posso montare/smontare le partizioni di Windows (NTFS), e consentire a tutti gli utenti l'accesso in sola lettura? | |||
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5.2. | Come posso montare/smontare manualmente le partizioni di Windows (FAT), e consentire a tutti gli utenti l'accesso in lettura e scrittura? | |||
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5.3. | Come monto la mia partizione Windows (NTFS) all'avviao e consento a tutti gli utenti l'accesso in sola lettura? | |||
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5.4. | Come faccio a montare una partizione Windows (FAT) all'avvio, e permettere a tutti gli utenti la lettura/scrittura su di essa? | |||
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6.1. | Come uso Sudo? | |||
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6.2. | Come imposto/cambio/abilito la password dell'utente root? | |||
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6.3. | Come posso disabilitare l'account root? | |||
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6.4. | Come posso abilitare l'utente root ad affettuare il login in GNOME? | |||
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6.5. | Come passo all'utente root sul Terminale? | |||
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6.6. | Come aggiungo/modifico/cancello utenti? | |||
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6.7. | Come aggiungo/modifico/rimuovo gruppi di sistema? | |||
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6.8. | Come posso effettuare il login automatico in GNOME (non sicuro)? | |||
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6.9. | Come consento a più persone di amministrare il computer? | |||
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6.10. | Come uso “Sudo” senza che mi sia richiesta la password (non sicuro)? | |||
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6.11. | Come elimino esplicitamente la sessione quote>sudo | |||
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6.12. | Come cambio i permessi di file e cartelle? | |||
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6.13. | Come cambio il proprietario di file e cartelle? | |||
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6.14. | Come cambio il gruppo proprietario di file o cartelle? | |||
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Sommario
7.1. | Come configuro le connessioni di rete? | |||
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7.2. | Come attivo/disattivo le connessioni di rete? | |||
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7.3. | Come cambio il nome del computer? | |||
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7.4. | Come esploro una rete di computer? | |||
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7.5. | Come uso il servizio DynDNS? | |||
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7.6. | Come uso l'Eternet over Firewire? | |||
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1. | Cos'è Samba? |
Samba è uno strumento di rete che consente a Linux di essere parte di una rete Windows. Ci sono due parti di Samba, una è il server che condivide file e stampanti per l'uso da parte di altri computer, e l'altra sono le componenti client, che consentono a Linux di accedere a file e stampanti su altri PC Windows/Samba. | |
2. | Come Installo Samba? |
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3. | Come aggiungo/modifico/elimino utenti della rete se uso l'autenticazione? |
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4. | Come condivido le mie cartelle home con permesso di sola lettura? |
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5. | Come condivido le directory home con permesso di lettura/scrittura? |
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6. | Come condivido una cartella di gruppo con permesso in sola scrittura? |
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7. | Come condivido una cartella di gruppo con permessi di lettura/scrittura? |
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8. | Come condivido cartelle pubbliche con permesso di sola lettura? |
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9. | Come condivido cartelle pubbliche con permesso di lettura/scrittura? |
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1. | Cos'è Clam AntiVirus (ClamAV) Server? |
Clam AntiVirus (ClamAV) è uno strumento antivirus per i sistemi operativi Unix/Linux. Tipicamente ClamAC è integrato nei server mail e può anche essere usato per processare file singoli. Linux è raramente afflitto da virus o da altre cose che infettano altri sistemi operativi, per questo non è necessario che tu installi ClamAV. | |
2. | Come installo ClamAV AntiVirus Server? |
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3. | Come aggiorno manualmente il database dei virus? |
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4. | Come eseguo manualmente la scansione antivirus di file/cartelle |
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5. | Come rendo automatica la scansione antivirus di file/directory ? |
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1. | Cos'è un server SSH? | |||
SSH è un modo sicuro e crittato di stabilire connessioni a sistemi o server remoti. Un server SSH accetta connessioni da client SSH e consente loro di effettuare il login nel sistem come se fossero seduti di fronte ad esso. Usando SSH, puoi eseguire programmi da riga di comando e che utilizzano X. | ||||
2. | Come installo un server SSH? | |||
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3. | Come mi connetto via SSH ad un sistema Ubuntu remoto? | |||
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4. | Come copio file/directory da una macchina Ubuntu remota su una macchina locale (scp)? | |||
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5. | Come copio file/directory da una macchina locale a una macchina Ubuntu remota (scp)? | |||
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6. | Come copio file/directory da una macchina remota Ubuntu sulla macchina locale (rsync)? | |||
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7. | Come copio file/directory da una macchina locale su una macchina Ubuntu remota (rsync)? | |||
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8. | Come posso collegarmi via SSH ad una macchina Ubuntu remota da una macchina Windows? | |||
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9. | Come posso copiare file/cartelle da/ad una macchina Ubuntu remota da una macchina Windows? | |||
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1. | Che cosa è un Server DHCP? | |||
Un Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, assegna automaticamente a qualsiasi computer colelgto ad una rete un indirizzo IP e altri parametri di rete. Questo semplifica la gestione di una rete e rende più facile l'inserimento di un nuovo computer al suo interno. | ||||
2. | Come posso instalalre un Server DHCP? | |||
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1. | Che cosa è MySQL Database Server? |
MySQL è un sistema per la gestione di database relazionali che utilizza il linguaggio SQL (Structured Query Language). Un tipico uso di un server MySQL è l'archivio di informazioni per la generazione di pagine web dinamiche. | |
2. | Come posso installare MYSQL Database Server? |
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1. | Che cosa è il Server HTTP Apache? | |||
Apache è il server web più popolare al mondo. Può funzionare sia sui sitemi operativi Unix-like che Windows, è conforme agli standard del web e può essere esteso con moduli aggiuntivi. Si dice che il suo nome “Apache” derivi dal fatto che originalmente consisteva in una serie di modifiche al server NCSA HTTPd v1.3 che era un server “patchy” (in inglese “a patchy server”). | ||||
2. | Come posso installare il Server HTTP Apache? | |||
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3. | Come posso installare PHP per il Server HTTP Apache? | |||
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4. | Come posso installare MySQL per il Server HTTP Apache? | |||
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5. | Come mappo le URL a cartelle esterne a /var/www/? | |||
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6. | Come posso cambiare la porta di ascolto predefinita del Server HTTP Apache? | |||
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7. | Come posso vedere su Mozilla Firefox il cambiamento di numero porta per il server HTTP Apache? | |||
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1. | Come installo GNUMP3d per il servizio di Server di Streaming Media? | |||
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2. | Come posso cambiare la directory di default contenente i file multimediali per GNUMP3d? | |||
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3. | Come posso cambiare la porta di default di GNUMP3d? | |||
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8.1. | come posso acquisire i privilegi di root senza login? |
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8.2. | Come posso modificare i parametri di avvio del kernel per poter accedere come utente root? |
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8.3. | Come usare un CD di installazione di Ubuntu per ottenere l'accesso come utente root? |
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8.4. | Come si può cambiare la password dell'utente root o dell'utente principale se è stata dimenticata? |
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8.5. | Come cambiare la password del menu di GRUB se è stata dimenticata? |
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8.6. | Come ripristino il menu di GRUB dopo l'installazione di Windows? |
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8.7. | Come aggiungo una voce per Windows nel menu di GRUB? |
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8.8. | Come posso leggere partizioni Linux (ext2, ext3) da Windows? |
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9.1. | Come ricarico GNOME senza riavviare il computer? | |||
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9.2. | Come posso attivare automaticamente il num Lock all'avvio di GNOME? | |||
Le modifiche saranno applicate al prossimo login in GNOME. Se vuoi provarle subito, disattiva il Num Lock e riavvia GNOME. (Controlla How do I restart GNOME without rebooting the computer?) | ||||
9.3. | Come posso eseguire programmi automaticamente all'avvio di GNOME? | |||
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9.4. | Come posso passare all modalità console? | |||
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9.5. | Come posso disabilitare la combinazione di tasti Ctrl-Alt-Backspace dal riavviare il server X? | |||
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9.6. | Come uso la modalità spaziale in Nautilus? | |||
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9.7. | Come faccio per visualizzare i file nascosti in Nautilus? | |||
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9.8. | Come posso sfogliare file e directory come utente root in Nautilus? | |||
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9.9. | Come posso visualizzare collegamenti SSH, FTP, e server SFTP usando Nautilus? | |||
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9.10. | Come posso mostrare le icone deskttop Computer, Home e Cestino su GNOME? | |||
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9.11. | Come cambio il programma di default con cui aprire un certo tipo di file? | |||
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9.12. | Come posso impostare Mozilla Thunderbird come client email preferito? | |||
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9.13. | Come posso aprire i file come utente root attraverso un click col tasto destro? | |||
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9.14. | Come posso disabilitare il beep nel terminale? | |||
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9.15. | Come posso caricare più velocemente le pagine web con Mozilla Firefox? | |||
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9.16. | Come disattivo il suono di beep per la funzione trova link di Mozilla Firefox? | |||
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9.17. | Come posso ripristinare l'icona originale di Mozilla Firefox? | |||
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9.18. | Come posso ripristinare l'icona originale di Mozilla Thunderbird? | |||
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9.19. | Come posso installare/rimuovere file .deb? | |||
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9.20. | Come posso convertire un file .rpm in uno .deb? | |||
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9.21. | Come posso rinominare tutti i file di una directory in una sola volta? | |||
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9.22. | Come imposto delle variabili d'ambiente per tutto il sistema? | |||
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9.23. | Come posso salvare l'output di un comando “man” in un file? | |||
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9.24. | Come posso generare checksum MD5? | |||
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9.25. | Come posso controllare il checksum MD5 dei file? | |||
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9.26. | Come monto/smonto un file Immagine (ISO) senza masterizzarla? | |||
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9.27. | Come posso cambiare i secondi di timeout per il menu di GRUB? | |||
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9.28. | Come posso cambiare il Sistema Operativo di default nel menu di GRUB? | |||
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9.29. | Come disabilito temporaneamente i servizi di avvio? | |||
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9.30. | Come posso disabilitare/abilitare permanentemente i servizi al boot-up? | |||
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9.31. | Come posso svuotare il contenuto della directory /tmp allo spegnimento del computer? | |||
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10.1. | Configurazione interfaccie di rete... (troppo lente a caricarsi) |
10.2. | Sincronizzazione dell'orologio con il server ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (troppo lento a caricarsi) |
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10.3. | Come posso disabilitare la autoconfigurazione dell'ora e della data al fuso orario UTC (GMT)? |
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10.4. | Come posso configurare il suono con Flash? |
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10.5. | Come posso svuotare definitivamente il Cestino in Ubuntu? |
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10.6. | Come posso rimuovere menu duplicati in GNOME? |
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11.1. | Come aggiornare da Breezy Badger a Breezy Badger +1 (in fase di sperimentazione) | |||
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CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.
License
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Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Version 1.2, November 2002
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
GNU FDL Modification Conditions
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Sample Invariant Sections list
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
Sample Invariant Sections list
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.