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<a class="nextlinks-prev" href="kerberos.html" title="Kerberos">Indietro</a> | <a class="nextlinks-next" href="dns.html" title="DNS (Domain Name Service)">Avanti</a>
</div>
<div class="hgroup"><h1 class="title">Kerberos e LDAP</h1></div>
<div class="region">
<div class="contents">
<p class="para">
Most people will not use Kerberos by itself; once an user is authenticated
(Kerberos), we need to figure out what this user can do (authorization).
And that would be the job of programs such as
<span class="app application">LDAP</span>.
</p>
<p class="para">Sostituire un database principale di Kerberos tra due server può essere complicato e aggiunge un ulteriori database all'interno della rete. Il server Kerberos può comunque essere configurato per utilizzare una directory <span class="app application">LDAP</span> come database principale. In questa sezione viene descritto come configurare un server Kerberos, primario e secondario, affinché utilizzi <span class="app application">OpenLDAP</span> come database principale.</p>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">
The examples presented here assume
<span class="app application">MIT Kerberos</span> and
<span class="app application">OpenLDAP</span>.
</p>
</div></div></div></div>
</div>
<div class="links sectionlinks"><ul>
<li class="links"><a class="xref" href="kerberos-ldap.html#kerberos-ldap-openldap" title="Configurare OpenLDAP">Configurare OpenLDAP</a></li>
<li class="links"><a class="xref" href="kerberos-ldap.html#kerberos-ldap-primary-kdc" title="Configurazione KDC primario">Configurazione KDC primario</a></li>
<li class="links"><a class="xref" href="kerberos-ldap.html#kerberos-ldap-secondary-kdc" title="Configurazione KDC secondario">Configurazione KDC secondario</a></li>
<li class="links"><a class="xref" href="kerberos-ldap.html#kerberos-ldap-resources" title="Risorse">Risorse</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2 sect" id="kerberos-ldap-openldap"><div class="inner">
<div class="hgroup"><h2 class="title">Configurare OpenLDAP</h2></div>
<div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Per prima cosa è necessario caricare lo <span class="em emphasis">schema</span> all'interno del server <span class="app application">OpenLDAP</span> collegato ai KDC primario e secondario. I successivi passi qui descritti hanno come presupposto la presenza di un server LDAP di replica configurato tra due server. Per maggiori informazioni su come impostare un server OpenLDAP, consultare <a class="xref" href="openldap-server.html" title="Server OpenLDAP">Server OpenLDAP</a>.</p>
<p class="para">È inoltre richiesto per configurare OpenLDAP all'uso di connessioni TLS e SSL, in modo che il traffico tra il KDC e il server LDAP sia cifrato. Per maggiori informazioni, consultare <a class="xref" href="openldap-server.html#openldap-tls" title="TLS">TLS</a>.</p>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">
<span class="file filename">cn=admin,cn=config</span> is a user we created with
rights to edit the ldap database. Many times it is the RootDN. Change its
value to reflect your setup.
</p>
</div></div></div></div>
<div class="list itemizedlist"><ul class="list itemizedlist">
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Per caricare lo schema all'interno del server LDAP, installare su tale server il pacchetto <span class="app application">krb5-kdc-ldap</span>. Da un terminale, digitare:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo apt-get install krb5-kdc-ldap</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Estrarre il file <span class="file filename">kerberos.schema.gz</span>:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo gzip -d /usr/share/doc/krb5-kdc-ldap/kerberos.schema.gz</span>
<span class="cmd command">sudo cp /usr/share/doc/krb5-kdc-ldap/kerberos.schema /etc/ldap/schema/</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Lo schema <span class="em emphasis">kerberos</span> deve essere aggiunto all'albero <span class="em emphasis">cn=config</span>. La procedura per aggiungere un nuovo schema a <span class="app application">slapd</span> è descritta anche in <a class="xref" href="openldap-server.html#openldap-configuration" title="Modifying the slapd Configuration Database">Modifying the slapd Configuration Database</a>.</p>
<div class="steps"><div class="inner"><ol class="steps">
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Creare un file di configurazione chiamato <span class="file filename">schema_convert.conf</span>, o simile, contenente quanto segue:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">include /etc/ldap/schema/core.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/collective.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/corba.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/cosine.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/duaconf.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/dyngroup.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/java.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/misc.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/nis.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/openldap.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/ppolicy.schema
include /etc/ldap/schema/kerberos.schema
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Creare una directory temporanea in cui salvare i file LDIF:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">mkdir /tmp/ldif_output</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Usare quindi <span class="app application">slapcat</span> per convertire i file schema:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">slapcat -f schema_convert.conf -F /tmp/ldif_output -n0 -s \
"cn={12}kerberos,cn=schema,cn=config" > /tmp/cn=kerberos.ldif</span>
</pre></div>
<p class="para">Modificare i percorsi e i nomi dei file in base alla proprie esigenze.</p>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Modificare il file <span class="file filename">/tmp/cn\=kerberos.ldif</span> generato sistemando i seguenti attributi:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">dn: cn=kerberos,cn=schema,cn=config
...
cn: kerberos
</pre></div>
<p class="para">Rimuovere le seguenti righe dalla fine del file:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">structuralObjectClass: olcSchemaConfig
entryUUID: 18ccd010-746b-102d-9fbe-3760cca765dc
creatorsName: cn=config
createTimestamp: 20090111203515Z
entryCSN: 20090111203515.326445Z#000000#000#000000
modifiersName: cn=config
modifyTimestamp: 20090111203515Z
</pre></div>
<p class="para">I valori degli attributi possono variare, basta solo assicurarsi che gli attributi siano rimossi.</p>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Caricare il nuovo schema con <span class="app application">ldapadd</span>:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">ldapadd -x -D cn=admin,cn=config -W -f /tmp/cn\=kerberos.ldif</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Aggiungere un indice per l'attributo <span class="em emphasis">krb5principalname</span>:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">ldapmodify -x -D cn=admin,cn=config -W</span>
<span class="output computeroutput">Enter LDAP Password:
<span class="input userinput">dn: olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config
add: olcDbIndex
olcDbIndex: krbPrincipalName eq,pres,sub</span>
modifying entry "olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config"</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Infine, aggiornare le ACL (Access Control Lists):</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">ldapmodify -x -D cn=admin,cn=config -W</span>
<span class="output computeroutput">Enter LDAP Password:
<span class="input userinput">dn: olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config
replace: olcAccess
olcAccess: to attrs=userPassword,shadowLastChange,krbPrincipalKey by
dn="cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" write by anonymous auth by self write by * none
-
add: olcAccess
olcAccess: to dn.base="" by * read
-
add: olcAccess
olcAccess: to * by dn="cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" write by * read</span>
modifying entry "olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config"
</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p class="para">La directory LDAP è ora pronta come database principale per Kerberos.</p>
</div></div>
</div></div>
<div class="sect2 sect" id="kerberos-ldap-primary-kdc"><div class="inner">
<div class="hgroup"><h2 class="title">Configurazione KDC primario</h2></div>
<div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Configurato <span class="app application">OpenLDAP</span>, è necessario configurare KDC.</p>
<div class="list itemizedlist"><ul class="list itemizedlist">
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Installare i pacchetti necessari. In un terminale, digitare:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo apt-get install krb5-kdc krb5-admin-server krb5-kdc-ldap</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Modificare <span class="file filename">/etc/krb5.conf</span> aggiungendo le seguenti opzioni all'interno delle sezioni appropriate:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">[libdefaults]
default_realm = EXAMPLE.COM
...
[realms]
EXAMPLE.COM = {
kdc = kdc01.example.com
kdc = kdc02.example.com
admin_server = kdc01.example.com
admin_server = kdc02.example.com
default_domain = example.com
database_module = openldap_ldapconf
}
...
[domain_realm]
.example.com = EXAMPLE.COM
...
[dbdefaults]
ldap_kerberos_container_dn = dc=example,dc=com
[dbmodules]
openldap_ldapconf = {
db_library = kldap
ldap_kdc_dn = "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com"
# this object needs to have read rights on
# the realm container, principal container and realm sub-trees
ldap_kadmind_dn = "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com"
# this object needs to have read and write rights on
# the realm container, principal container and realm sub-trees
ldap_service_password_file = /etc/krb5kdc/service.keyfile
ldap_servers = ldaps://ldap01.example.com ldaps://ldap02.example.com
ldap_conns_per_server = 5
}
</pre></div>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Modificare <span class="em emphasis">example.com</span>, <span class="em emphasis">dc=example,dc=com</span>, <span class="em emphasis">cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com</span> e <span class="em emphasis">ldap01.example.com</span> con i valori corretti del dominio, dell'oggetto e del server LDAP della propria rete.</p>
</div></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Usare l'utilità <span class="app application">kdb5_ldap_util</span> per creare il reame:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo kdb5_ldap_util -D cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com create -subtrees \
dc=example,dc=com -r EXAMPLE.COM -s -H ldap://ldap01.example.com</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Creare un file stash della password utilizzata per l'associazione al server LDAP. Questa password è usata con le opzioni <span class="em emphasis">ldap_kdc_dn</span> e <span class="em emphasis">ldap_kadmin_dn</span> nel file <span class="file filename">/etc/krb5.conf</span>:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo kdb5_ldap_util -D cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com stashsrvpw -f \
/etc/krb5kdc/service.keyfile cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Copiare il certificato della CA dal server LDAP:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">scp ldap01:/etc/ssl/certs/cacert.pem .</span>
<span class="cmd command">sudo cp cacert.pem /etc/ssl/certs</span>
</pre></div>
<p class="para">Modificare il file <span class="file filename">/etc/ldap/ldap.conf</span> affinché utilizzi il certificato:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">TLS_CACERT /etc/ssl/certs/cacert.pem
</pre></div>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Il certificato deve anche essere copiato nel KDC secondario per consentire la connessione ai server LDAP utilizzando LDAPS.</p>
</div></div></div></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p class="para">Ora è possibile aggiungere i principal Kerberos al database LDAP che verranno copiati su tutti gli altri server LDAP di replica. Per aggiungere un principal utilizzando l'utilità <span class="app application">kadmin.local</span>, digitare:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo kadmin.local</span>
<span class="output computeroutput">Authenticating as principal root/admin@EXAMPLE.COM with password.
kadmin.local: <span class="input userinput">addprinc -x dn="uid=steve,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" steve</span>
WARNING: no policy specified for steve@EXAMPLE.COM; defaulting to no policy
Enter password for principal "steve@EXAMPLE.COM":
Re-enter password for principal "steve@EXAMPLE.COM":
Principal "steve@EXAMPLE.COM" created.</span>
</pre></div>
<p class="para">Dovrebbero ora essere aggiunti all'oggetto utente <span class="em emphasis">uid=steve,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com</span> gli attributi krbPrincipalName, krbPrincipalKey, krbLastPwdChange e krbExtraData. Per verificare che all'utente venga emesso un ticket, utilizzare le utilità <span class="app application">kinit</span> e <span class="app application">klist</span>.</p>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Se l'oggetto utente è già stato creato, è necessario usare l'opzione <span class="em emphasis">-x dn="..."</span> per aggiungere gli attributi Kerberos, altrimenti verrà creato un nuovo oggetto <span class="em emphasis">principal</span> nel sottoalbero del reame.</p>
</div></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div></div>
<div class="sect2 sect" id="kerberos-ldap-secondary-kdc"><div class="inner">
<div class="hgroup"><h2 class="title">Configurazione KDC secondario</h2></div>
<div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">La configurazione di un KDC secondario utilizzando il backend LDAP è molto simile alla configurazione tramite l'utilizzo del database Kerberos.</p>
<div class="steps"><div class="inner"><ol class="steps">
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Installare i pacchetti necessari. In un terminale digitare:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo apt-get install krb5-kdc krb5-admin-server krb5-kdc-ldap</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Modificare il file <span class="file filename">/etc/krb5.conf</span> affinché utilizzi il backend LDAP:</p>
<div class="code"><pre class="contents ">[libdefaults]
default_realm = EXAMPLE.COM
...
[realms]
EXAMPLE.COM = {
kdc = kdc01.example.com
kdc = kdc02.example.com
admin_server = kdc01.example.com
admin_server = kdc02.example.com
default_domain = example.com
database_module = openldap_ldapconf
}
...
[domain_realm]
.example.com = EXAMPLE.COM
...
[dbdefaults]
ldap_kerberos_container_dn = dc=example,dc=com
[dbmodules]
openldap_ldapconf = {
db_library = kldap
ldap_kdc_dn = "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com"
# this object needs to have read rights on
# the realm container, principal container and realm sub-trees
ldap_kadmind_dn = "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com"
# this object needs to have read and write rights on
# the realm container, principal container and realm sub-trees
ldap_service_password_file = /etc/krb5kdc/service.keyfile
ldap_servers = ldaps://ldap01.example.com ldaps://ldap02.example.com
ldap_conns_per_server = 5
}
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Creare il file stash per la password di associazione LDAP:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo kdb5_ldap_util -D cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com stashsrvpw -f \
/etc/krb5kdc/service.keyfile cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Dal <span class="em emphasis">KDC primario</span>, copiare il file di stash della <span class="em emphasis">chiave primaria</span> (<span class="file filename">/etc/krb5kdc/.k5.EXAMPLE.COM</span>) nel KDC secondario. Accertarsi di copiare tale file utilizzando una connessione cifrata come <span class="app application">scp</span> o su un supporto fisico.</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo scp /etc/krb5kdc/.k5.EXAMPLE.COM steve@kdc02.example.com:~</span>
<span class="cmd command">sudo mv .k5.EXAMPLE.COM /etc/krb5kdc/</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="note" title="Annotazione"><div class="inner"><div class="region"><div class="contents">
<p class="para">Ricordarsi di sostituire <span class="em emphasis">EXAMPLE.COM</span> con il reame in uso.</p>
</div></div></div></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">
Back on the <span class="em emphasis">Secondary KDC</span>, (re)start the ldap
server only,
</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo service slapd restart</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">Infine. avviare il demone <span class="app application">krb5-kdc</span>:</p>
<div class="screen"><pre class="contents "><span class="cmd command">sudo /etc/init.d/krb5-kdc start</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li class="steps">
<p class="para">
Verify the two ldap servers (and kerberos by extension) are in sync.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p class="para">All'interno della propria rete sono quindi disponibili dei KDC ridondanti che assieme ai server LDAP ridondanti permettono l'autenticazione degli utenti anche nel caso in cui un server LDAP, un server Kerberos o uno server LDAP e un server Kerberos non siano più disponibili.</p>
</div></div>
</div></div>
<div class="sect2 sect" id="kerberos-ldap-resources"><div class="inner">
<div class="hgroup"><h2 class="title">Risorse</h2></div>
<div class="region"><div class="contents"><div class="list itemizedlist"><ul class="list itemizedlist">
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">Maggiori informazioni possono essere trovate nella <a class="ulink" href="http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/krb5-1.6/krb5-1.6.3/doc/krb5-admin.html#Configuring-Kerberos-with-OpenLDAP-back_002dend" title="http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/krb5-1.6/krb5-1.6.3/doc/krb5-admin.html#Configuring-Kerberos-with-OpenLDAP-back_002dend">Kerberos Admin Guide</a>.</p>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">
For more information on <span class="app application">kdb5_ldap_util</span> see
<a class="ulink" href="http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/krb5-1.6/krb5-1.6.3/doc/krb5-admin.html#Global-Operations-on-the-Kerberos-LDAP-Database" title="http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/krb5-1.6/krb5-1.6.3/doc/krb5-admin.html#Global-Operations-on-the-Kerberos-LDAP-Database">
Section 5.6</a> and the
<a class="ulink" href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man8/kdb5_ldap_util.8.html" title="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man8/kdb5_ldap_util.8.html">kdb5_ldap_util man page</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">
Another useful link is the <a class="ulink" href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man5/krb5.conf.5.html" title="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man5/krb5.conf.5.html">krb5.conf man page</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="list itemizedlist">
<p class="para">
Also, see the <a class="ulink" href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Kerberos#kerberos-ldap" title="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Kerberos#kerberos-ldap">Kerberos and LDAP</a> Ubuntu wiki page.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
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